Relationship formation Essay Example for Free

Relationship formation Essay A relationship is an encounter with another person or a group of people that endures over time. It happens with celebrities even though you dont meet them. Derrick (2008) discovered how these fake relationships (parasocial relationships) could provide a safe route for people who have a difficult time with real interpersonal relationships. People with low self-esteem can use parasocial relationships to feel closer to their ideal selves (i.e. the person they would rather be than the person they actually are). Â  Relationships are important to social well being. They are characterised by features including the following: responsibility, giving,, taking, rules (for e.g. you cant sleep with your friends ex-partner) and roles (best friend, wife, daughter mother etc). There are two main theories that explain why relationships are formed. I am going to begin with the reward/need satisfaction model (Byrne and Clove, 1970) this suggests that both operant and classical conditioning play a part in relationships. This theory states that we learn to associate with people for positive and enjoyable situations even if they are not directly rewarding us in these instances. In other words, we enter a relationship that rewards us the most or give us the most pleasure. As generally when time is spent with others we have a laugh and feel happy, vibrant and awesome. Whereas when we spend time alone we tend to feel sad and lonely to some extent lethargic. Also, this theory uses conditioning and reinforcement. Classical conditioning is when we associate with pleasure rather than being directly rewarded. In contrast, operant conditioning is when we are directly rewarded such as through gifts, companionship and sex. Positive reinforcement is when you are rewarded by compliments for example. On the other hand negative reinforcement is achieved by taking something good away from you such as you split with your boyfriend but to make the sadness go away from splitting up with your partner by sleeping with someone else or going out with someone else (rebound). Therefore, this relationship is based on negative reinforcement as you are involved in the relationship to take away the upset and sad feelings you have. In addition May and Hamilton (1980) asked female students to say how much they liked the look of male students (strangers), whose photographs they were given. Some students viewed them while pleasant music was being played. Others looked at the photographs while unpleasant music was being played. A comparison (control) group viewed the same pictures, but no music was played. As predicted in the hypothesis, the students who had heard the pleasant music while looking at the photographs liked the men best and rated them more attractive. This and many experiments (e.g. Cunningham, 1998) have shown that positive effect (feeling/emotion) can lead to attraction. However this experiment didnt take into account individual differences as participants may like the unpleasant music just as much as the pleasant music. Also doesnt take into account gender differences as the type of music played may not affect males on their scoring. Overall, the reward/need satisfaction model doesnt take into account that giving may provide people with pleasure rather than just receiving. Hays (1985) found when examining student friendships as much value was given to rewarding the other person than as being rewarded oneself. Participants in relationships are often more concerned with equity and fairness in rewards and demands than with the desire to maximise their own benefits. Furthermore, this model tends to focus on western cultures hence lacks ecological validity. In non -western cultures you tend to be rewarded for being like everyone else rather than individualistic so being in a relationship wouldnt be rewarding in these cultures. Hill (1972) showed that kinship bonds are very influential resilient not dependent on reinforcement. Indicating social relationships are more commonly found in these countries and show little concern for the receipt of reinforcements. In addition this theory doesnt take into account gender differences as women are more focused on the needs of others, with men it is against their machismo and manliness, who are orientated towards the gratification of their own needs, (Lott, 1994). However it could be argued that meeting the needs of others might be reinforcing in itself. Moreover, the matching hypothesis (Walster et al, 1966) suggests that physical attractiveness is the main thing we look for in a mate and that we are attracted to those that are similar to us. Further research lead to the following main theories: socially desirable individuals seek out other socially desirable individuals and matched couples tend to be more successful than unmatched couples. When we are choosing a mate we are influenced by desirability and the probability of the person saying yes (realistic choice). Murstein (1972) supports the theory that physical attractiveness is the main factor when forming a relationship (the matching hypothesis). Murstein argues that individuals initial attraction towards each other in the formative stages of a relationship depends on available costs that indicate their social desirability (e.g. physical attractiveness). Data collected in the real world shows strong evidence for the matching effect in correlational studies conducted with actual couples (e.g. Murstein 1972, Silverman 1971). In these studies the attractiveness level is measured for each partner for actual couples.

The catcher in the rye and the stranger Essay -- essays research paper

Holden Caulfield and Mersault have both been alienated in their worlds as the authors have so clearly portrayed in both books. But as much as both have been alienated, one is an essentialist while the other remains an existentialist. Holden Caulfield being the essentialist that he is, has psychological motivation for every action he takes. He is a teenager that is struggling with the fact that everyone has to grow up, which to him means that you have to become â€Å"phony or corrupt†. While on the other hand Mersault, the existentialist, does things for no reason whatsoever. He is a completely aloof, unattached , unemotional person. He doesn’t think much about events or their consequences, nor does he express much feeling in relationships or during emotional times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The similarities between Holden and Mersault are the way they are both in a sense alienated from the worlds in which they live in. Holden Caulfield believes that all adults are phony so he doesn’t want to become one and so he distances himself from the adult world. He feels that when you’re a child you view the world without any bias, you see everything for what it is. So to stay a child he constantly flunks out of schools back and forth. When you graduate from highschool you are going to the next level whether it be college or whatever else you want to do, everyone around you will view you as an adult and you yourself will become one. After highschool, most people tend to grow up but Caul...

Gen200 Personal Responsibility Essay

Personal Responsibility The pathway to successful future begins with taking a close look at the ability to commit and be accountable for all actions even when no one is looking. Making the right decision and understanding that there will be challenges along the way can definitely prepare the body and mind to readily face them head on. The personal responsibility of an individual plays an important role to reach the ultimate goal to be successful. Personal responsibility pertains to our ability to discipline ourselves as well as taking a responsible approach and ownership on our career, education, family and most of all our actions.I believe that personal responsibility is vital to academic achievement of an individual because it can exercise self-efficacy, helps to recognize problems easily and manages time effectively to achieve success and happiness. There are many other factors in life that are struck by the effects of personal responsibility, but only a few are highly significant and usually kicks off the rest of the constructive effects. Establishing a relationship between personal responsibility and academic endeavor is very significant because it forms a ground rule to move forward and accept the reality of a decision made and what is destined to happen.Receiving an education is a choice, therefore it is our personal responsibility to make sure that we can meet the academic demand require. A strong sense of self-efficacy supports that responsibility because it can somehow motivate us to move on and challenge our way to academic success because we believe in our ability to reach our goal. Self-efficacy is an individual‘s perceived capabilities to attain designated types of performances and to achieve specific results (Pajares, 1996; Tella & Ayeni, 2006).When we accept responsibility for our own actions we can easily recognize and overcome the tests that are bound to happen along the way. Our positive outlook strengthens our confidence and definitely boosts our self-worth because it encourages us to be more responsible. We have to be careful however on instilling boosts of high expectations or beliefs, the effects can be very disappointing when it is not fully realized. The focus should be on realistic capabilities and potentials so that we can appreciate success in terms of self-development rather than achievements (Bandura, A 1994).Acknowledging responsibility helps to take control of daily life. Another factor that needs a great sense of responsibility is time management. Overwhelming schedule managing education, career, household and other activities can definitely put a person in a bind if schedule is not well planned. When there is a set objective and commitment to achieve that goal, a clear sense of direction in life must be established as well. Setting preliminary goal as well as short and long term goal can definitely put some perspective to how an individual wants to accomplish that objective.With that in mind, time m anagement will be effortless knowing what can be done now and what to accomplish later. A permit for any adjustments on any unforeseen challenges can be detected and easily resolve because commitment and responsibility makes a stand to face any setback and move on to continue the raise to success. A person can manage time effectively because of accountability and the will to accept responsibility for any actions, knowing that there will be consequences. So in order for me to be successful in every aspect of my life, I need to manage time effectively.Well managed time sees the possibilities of new opportunities and helps you create want you want in future. Here is my preliminary plan for this school year: Preliminary plan: 1. Set my short and long term goal. 2. Read on my syllabus and take note of important projects and due dates 3. Prioritize and organize my schedule according to my work and scheduled assignments and required readings. 4. Schedule time to be online and work on DQâ⠂¬â„¢s and assignments. 5. Schedule learning team discussion and assignments In keeping personal responsibility intact and focused, there is no doubt that challenges are bound to happen.Successful status academically, professionally and life in general will always present extreme encounters along the way, testing how strong the concentration and motivation devoted to the goal. Another important factor why responsibility is essential in daily academic life is learning to recognize challenges. Any challenges does not have to set us back, perhaps they should motivate us to be more proactive and ready to face these challenges head on. The quicker any problem is resolve, the quicker to move on and refocus on all the academic requirements and accomplish them right away.As we anticipate and accept that there will be hurdles then we can easily adjust to the situation and find a reasonable resolution. In order to race to academic success, I must remain motivated and focus on the big picture all the way through finish line and graduate. With a sensible practice of personal responsibility I believe I can tackle the duties to achieve my objectives. Establishing a relationship between personal responsibility and academic endeavor is very significant because it forms a ground rule to move forward and accept the reality of a decision made and what is destined to happen.Having the freedom to make the choices, plans and organize to be successful academically gives me the power to do what is right and accept any failures and easily move on with an effective strategy that will lead me to the ultimate goal to successfully graduate. References Pajares, F. (1996). Self efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research Tella, A. , & Ayeni, C. O. (2006). The impact of self-efficacy and prior computer experience on the creativity of new librarians in South West, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice , 8 (2). Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V.S. Ramachaudra n (Ed. Annotated Bibliography Pajares, F. (1996). Self efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research The article aims to examine self-efficacy and findings made by Bandura’s (1986) in study of self-motivation and taking control of academic aspirations. The summary of discoveries in the relationship of self-efficacy and academic performances which validates measures that match up with personal responsibility. Tella, A. , & Ayeni, C. O. (2006). The impact of self-efficacy and prior computer experience on the creativity of new librarians in South West, Nigeria.Library Philosophy and Practice , 8 (2). This is good resource regarding the study on the impact of self-efficacy prior to computer experience of librarians from Nigeria. The study involves a number of new librarians that are independent and dependent variables. The outcome of the study presented that self-efficacy and computer experience has a major impact on creativity. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-ef ficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed. ], Encyclopedia of mental health.San Diego: Academic Press, 1998). This a great reference regarding self-efficacy beliefs and processes regulating emotional states and reactions. Talks about level of motivation reflected in choices and actions. The discussions on the use of influences over a person’s own impulse, thoughts and emotional situations as well as performance on given task. Insights on the development and exercise of self-efficacy over the lifespan. http://www. schoolsucks. com/paper/Academic-Personal-Responsibility/16640. html http://www. des. emory. edu/mfp/BanEncy. html http://www. des. emory. edu/mfp/PajaresSE1996. html

The Human Form Of Jesus Essay - 963 Words

With the knowledge that the human form was fit for Jesus, now the focus can shift to the evidence that he was human and his human form was humanizing. Jesus lived a life on earth and suffered like every other person does. As mentioned previously, Jesus experienced temptation by the Devil as seen in Matthew 4. He experienced hunger as seen in Mark 11:12. He experienced weariness as seen in John 4:6, â€Å"So Jesus, wearied as he was from his journey, was sitting beside the well† (). He experienced sorrow many times as seen when Lazarus died in John 11 and several other places. He also experience pain and suffering on the cross and he died just as everyone on earth does as well. By every standard Jesus was a human being. He lived and died as everyone else on this planet does. His humanity was humanizing. He was a human being and demonstrated all the characteristics of being one. The only difference is that he was able to live a life without sin. So Jesus’ human nature was in no way dehumanizing; he exhibited every characteristic that humans face and conquered every struggle. Even though Christ lived a perfect life as a man, Christians cannot even attempt to do the same. While on earth, Jesus fulfilled the law, meaning he never broke it, conquered every temptation, and never succumbed to one sin. He outlined the perfect life of a Christian. Romans three clearly states that every human is fallen and sinful, which shows that no matter what, at the end of the day every person,Show MoreRelatedThe Two Natures of Jesus1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe Two Natures of Jesus Angelia Pillow Bethel University Abstract This paper is a discussion of the dual natures of Jesus Christ. This human nature did not take away from his divine nature; they were together in one person, Jesus Christ The Two Natures of Jesus The Chalcedonean Creed states the following: That Jesus has two natures; he is God and man. 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